Rohingya "refugee" Rahila Begum spent two days adrift in the Andaman Sea this month, clinging to a wooden shard after her overcrowded boat capsized, one of the few survivors of a disaster that left 250 missing and feared dead.
She was among the thousands of Rohingya Muslims who brave hunger and accidents on rickety boats each year to flee desperate conditions in camps in southeastern Bangladesh for countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia.
Hundreds die en route from hunger or accidents at sea, but the numbers keep growing as shrinking food rations push yet more to make the dangerous crossing.
"I never thought I would survive," said Begum, her voice thready from fever and aches as she sat, wrapped in a blanket, on a thin mat in her parents' shack thrown together from tarpaulin sheets. "It felt like the end of my life."
The 26-year-old was rescued by a passing Bangladeshi oil tanker after her boat, with nearly 300 aboard, sank this month on its way to Malaysia, and later handed to the country's coast guard.
Bangladesh's coastal district of Cox's Bazar is home to nearly 1.2 million Rohingya, many of whom fled persecution and fighting in Buddhist-majority Myanmar, where they are accused of being outsiders.
Trapped for years, denied the right to work, receiving only limited education and shrinking food aid, few see a future in Bangladesh and cannot risk returning to Myanmar.
UN refugee agency UNHCR says nearly 900 Rohingya were reported missing or dead in the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal in 2025, making it the deadliest year on record for regional sea crossings, with more than 6,500 attempted.
Between January and mid-April this year, more than 2,800 Rohingya attempted such journeys, the agency says.
"The Rohingya population is very young and aspires to a better life, but that hope is increasingly turning into desperation," said Astrid Castelein, a UNHCR official.
"That is why youths and families are deciding to take these dangerous boat journeys."
Authorities have stepped up coastal patrols and surveillance of the camps to curb trafficking networks, a Bangladesh official said, speaking on condition of anonymity, but acknowledged that the scale of desperation made enforcement difficult.
That desperation is often exploited by traffickers, many of whom are Rohingya themselves.
Among them is a 24-year-old who identified himself by his nickname, Faisal, who said he had sent 20 people, three women and two children among them, on the capsized boat, but none survived the disaster.
He avoided the telephone calls of families seeking answers, he said. "They keep calling again and again…sometimes I just switch off my phone."
Faisal said he first travelled to Malaysia in 2018 with the help of traffickers before returning to the camps to enter the trade.
Although Bangladesh jailed him in 2020 for a year in a human trafficking case, that did not stop him from taking up the trade again after his release.
Reuters could not independently confirm his account.
Such journeys usually peak during the calmer winter months, Faisal added, but many desperate to get away from the camps are now willing to take more risks.
"They come to us asking for a way out," he said. "They know the risks – some make it, some are arrested, some die."
(Reporting by Ruma Paul and Sam Jahan in Cox's Bazar; Editing by Krishna N. Das and Clarence Fernandez)
