Cruise operators face choppy waters as rising oil prices lift fuel costs, with analysts warning Carnival Corporation could take the biggest hit to its 2026 profit as it is the only major US cruise line that does not hedge fuel.
Oil prices have risen more than 35 per cent since the beginning of the conflict in Iran, as attacks on oil and transport facilities across the Middle East and disruptions to energy flows through the Strait of Hormuz raised concerns about global supply.
Brent futures crossed $100 per barrel on Friday, compared with $72.48 before the conflict began. Iran has warned that oil prices could surge as high as $200 a barrel.
Cruise lines, which rely on heavy fuel oil and marine gas oil among other fuel types, turn to hedging to lock in prices via financial contracts and protect against sudden swings.
However, Carnival Corporation in the US is an exception.
A 10 per cent change in fuel cost per tonne would reduce Carnival's 2026 net income by $145 million, compared with $57 million for rival Royal Caribbean, according to the latest company filings.
Norwegian Cruise Line said it has not updated its fuel hedges from its earnings from early March and the 10 per cent change would cut full-year profit per share by seven cents. This is equivalent to a roughly $90 million fall in net income, according to calculations by Morningstar Research.
"During 2022's oil spike, Carnival's fuel costs rose more rapidly than its peers," CFRA analyst Alex Fasciano said.
In 2022, when oil prices rose after the Ukraine conflict broke out, Carnival's fuel costs were 17.7 per cent of its total revenue, compared with 12.1 per cent for Royal Caribbean and 14.2 per cent for Norwegian.
"Carnival also owns a larger fleet, meaning the level of consumption is also higher than their counterparts," Fasciano said.
"Our best hedge against fuel costs is to use less, so we focus on using less fuel in the first place," Carnival said in an e-mailed statement to Reuters.
"We've cut our fuel use by 18 per cent since 2011 despite increasing capacity by roughly 38 per cent during that time," the company said, adding that it does not see a long-term net benefit in hedging.
Carnival is expected to report first-quarter results on Friday.
Royal Caribbean did not respond to a Reuters query.
The cost challenge comes during the "wave season" between January and March, the industry's busiest booking period, when operators offer special cruise deals and discounts for the year.
Major cruise operators run global itineraries, with the Caribbean and transatlantic routes accounting for a large portion of capacity and passenger demand. None had ships in the Middle East when the conflict began, limiting their immediate operational exposure to the region.
"Despite zero direct exposure to the Middle East, shocks like this one have the potential to step up consumer hesitation in the booking process, especially for Americans thinking of traveling abroad," Barclays analyst Brandt Montour said.
It could impact American customers' bookings to Europe, particularly for trans-Atlantic travel, which tend to be higher priced, according to Lizzie Dove, analyst at Goldman Sachs.
These cruises tend to run during the third quarter and have a disproportionately large contribution to cruise operators' incomes, she added.
(Reporting by Aishwarya Jain and Neil J Kanatt in Bengaluru; Editing by Devika Syamnath)